UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2019

OR

For the transition period from ______________ to _______________

Commission File Number 001-36216

IDEAL POWER INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

4120 Freidrich Lane, Suite 100

Austin, Texas 78744

(Address of principal executive offices)

(Zip Code)

(512) 264-1542

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

 (Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period than the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark whether the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the issuer is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ¨ No x

As of August 12, 2019, the issuer had 14,722,840 shares of common stock, par value $.001, outstanding.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I-FINANCIAL INFORMATION

IDEAL POWER INC.

Balance Sheets

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed financial statements.

IDEAL POWER INC.

Statements of Operations

(unaudited)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed financial statements.

IDEAL POWER INC.

Statements of Cash Flows

(unaudited)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed financial statements.

IDEAL POWER INC.

Statement of Stockholders’ Equity

For the Three-Month Periods during the Six Months Ended June 30, 2019 and 2018

(unaudited)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

Ideal Power Inc.

Notes to Financial Statements

(unaudited)

Note 1 – Organization and Description of Business

Ideal Power Inc. (the “Company”) was incorporated in Texas on May 17, 2007 under the name Ideal Power Converters, Inc. The Company changed its name to Ideal Power Inc. on July 8, 2013 and re-incorporated in Delaware on July 15, 2013. With headquarters in Austin, Texas, it developed power conversion solutions with a focus on solar + storage, microgrid and stand-alone energy storage applications. The principal products of the Company were 30-kilowatt power conversion systems, including 2-port and multi-port products.

On April 16, 2018, the Company realigned into two operating divisions: Power Conversion Systems, to continue the commercialization of its PPSA™ technology, and B-TRAN, to develop its Bi-directional bi-polar junction TRANsistor (B-TRAN™) solid state switch technology. On January 2, 2019, the Board of Directors of the Company (the “Board”) approved a strategic shift to focus on the commercialization of its B-TRAN™ technology and a plan to suspend further power converter system development and sales while the Company located a buyer for its power conversion systems division.

Since its inception, the Company has generated limited revenues from the sale of products and has financed its research and development efforts and operations through the sale of common stock. The Company’s continued operations are dependent upon its ability to obtain adequate sources of funding through future revenues, follow-on stock offerings, debt financing, co-development agreements, government grants, sale or licensing of developed intellectual property or other alternatives.

Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission for Form 10-Q. Accordingly, certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. The Balance Sheet at December 31, 2018 has been derived from the Company’s audited financial statements.

In the opinion of management, these financial statements reflect all normal recurring, and other adjustments, necessary for a fair presentation. These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018. Operating results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of operating results for an entire fiscal year or any other future periods.

Liquidity and Going Concern

As reflected in the accompanying condensed financial statements, the Company had a net loss of $2.3 million and used $1.8 million of cash in operating activities for the six months ended June 30, 2019. At June 30, 2019, the Company had net working capital of $1.1 million and the Company’s principal source of liquidity consisted of $1.4 million of cash and cash equivalents.

In order to meet the Company’s operating requirements through at least the next twelve months from the date of issuance of these financial statements, it will need to raise additional capital. There can be no assurance that the Company will be successful in obtaining financing. If financing sources are not available or are inadequate to fund operations, or the technology under development is not capable of generating sustainable revenues in the future, the Company will be required to further reduce operating costs, which could jeopardize future strategic initiatives and business plans. Accordingly, these factors, among others raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The Company’s independent registered public accounting firm, in its report on the Company’s 2018 financial statements, raised substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.

The accompanying condensed financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and the settlement of liabilities and commitments in the normal course of business. The ability of the Company to continue as a going concern is dependent on its ability to raise additional capital and to develop profitable operations through implementation of its current business initiatives, however, there can be no assurances that the Company will be able to do so. The accompanying condensed financial statements do not include any adjustments that might be necessary if the Company is unable to continue as a going concern.

Recently Adopted Standards

 In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), to increase transparency and comparability among organizations by requiring the recognition of lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet. Most prominent among the amendments is the recognition of assets and liabilities by lessees for those leases classified as operating leases under previous U.S. GAAP. Under the new standard, disclosures are required to meet the objective of enabling users of financial statements to assess the amount, timing, and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases. The Company adopted this standard effective January 1, 2019. Upon adoption, the Company recognized its lease commitment as a lease liability and right-of-use asset. For more details regarding the lease commitment, see Note 5.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Management does not believe that any other recently issued, but not yet effective, accounting standard, if adopted, would have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements.

Note 3 – Discontinued Operations

On January 2, 2019, the Board approved a strategic shift to focus on the commercialization of its B-TRAN™ technology and a plan to suspend further power converter system development and sales while the Company located a buyer for its power conversion systems division. On January 4, 2019, the Company implemented a reduction-in-force in connection with this exit activity and recognized an expense of $92,600 in involuntary termination benefits.

The Company’s power conversion system division, a component supplier to energy storage system integrators, had not achieved the necessary scale to generate positive cash flows. As the division was dependent on the ability of its customers to scale in the small commercial and industrial segment of the energy storage market and based on the sales forecasts and commitments provided by these customers, the Company did not expect its power conversion systems division to scale sufficiently in the short term, requiring an inflow of additional capital for the business. As such, the decision was made to exit the power conversion systems business and sell the division and the Company’s PPSA™ technology and focus on the Company’s B-TRAN™ technology.

As a result, the assets held for sale and discontinued operations criteria were met and the Company’s financial statements are presented in accordance with ASC 205. Under ASC 205-20-45-10, during the period in which a component meets the assets held for sale and discontinued operations criteria, an entity must present the assets and liabilities of the discontinued operation separately in the asset and liability sections of the balance sheet for the comparative reporting periods. The prior period balance sheet should be reclassified for the held for sale items. For income statements, the current and prior periods should report the results of operations of the component in discontinued operations when comparative income statements are presented.

The following is a reconciliation of the carrying amounts of major classes of assets and liabilities of the discontinued operations to assets and liabilities held for sale:

The following is a reconciliation of the major classes of line items constituting loss from discontinued operations to loss from discontinued operations shown in the Statement of Operations:

Note 4 – Intangible Assets

Intangible assets, net consisted of the following:

Amortization expense amounted to $19,540 and $36,009 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively, and $16,261 and $32,211 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively. Amortization expense for the succeeding five years and thereafter is $41,879 (2019), $83,757 (2020-2023) and $884,888 (thereafter).

At June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company had capitalized $385,683 and $354,427, respectively, for costs related to patents that have not been awarded.

Note 5 – Lease

The Company leases 14,782 square feet of office and laboratory space located in Austin, Texas. On April 20, 2018, the Company entered into an amendment to its existing operating lease which extended the lease term from May 31, 2018 to May 31, 2021. The annual base rent in the first year of the lease extension was $184,775 and increases by $7,391 in each succeeding year of the lease extension. In addition, the Company is required to pay its proportionate share of operating costs for the building under this triple net lease. The lease does not contain renewal or termination options.

On January 1, 2019, the Company adopted ASC 842 utilizing a modified retrospective approach with a date of initial application at the beginning of the period of adoption. At adoption, the Company recognized a right of use asset of $422,819 and lease liability of $427,131. As the discount rate implicit in the lease was not readily determinable and the Company did not have any outstanding indebtedness, the Company utilized market data, giving consideration to remaining term of the lease, to estimate its incremental borrowing rate at 8% per annum for purposes of calculating the right of use asset and lease liability.

Future undiscounted minimum payments under the lease, as amended, are as follows:

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, operating cash flows for lease payments totaled $46,809 and $93,003 and the operating lease cost, recognized on a straight-line basis, totaled $48,487 and $96,975. At June 30, 2019, the remaining lease term was 23 months.

Note 6 – Commitments and Contingencies

License Agreement

In 2015, the Company entered into licensing agreements which expire on February 7, 2033. Per the agreements, the Company has an exclusive royalty-free license associated with semiconductor power switches which enhances its intellectual property portfolio. The agreements include both fixed and variable payments. The variable payments are a function of the number of associated patent filings pending and patents issued under the agreements. The Company will pay $10,000 for each patent filing pending and $20,000 for each patent issued within 20 days of December 21^st of each year of the agreements, up to a maximum of $100,000 per year (i.e. five issued patents). In the three months ended June 30, 2019, a patent associated with these agreements was issued and the Company recorded, as a non-cash activity, an asset and a corresponding liability of $232,367, representing the estimated present value of future payments under the licensing agreements for this issued patent. Through June 30, 2019, a total of three patents associated with the agreements were issued. The estimated present value of future payments under the licensing agreements is shown on the Balance Sheet as other long-term liabilities while the capitalized licensing agreement assets are shown on the Balance Sheet as intangible assets. The Company is accruing interest for future payments related to the issued patents associated with these agreements.

Indemnification of Executives

The employment agreements of Company executives include an indemnification provision whereby the Company shall indemnify and defend, at the Company’s expense, its executives so as long as an executive’s actions were taken in good faith and in furtherance of Company’s business and within the scope of executive’s duties and authority.

Note 7 — Common and Preferred Stock

On February 21, 2019, a shareholder converted 708,430 shares of preferred stock to 708,430 shares of common stock.

On March 7, 2019, and following an initial notice of non-compliance from Nasdaq on September 7, 2018, the Company received a notice letter from Nasdaq indicating that it had not regained compliance with the minimum bid price requirement of $1 per share, as set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2). However, Nasdaq determined that the Company was eligible for an additional 180-day period, or until September 3, 2019, to regain compliance based on the fact that it met the continued listing requirement for market value of publicly held shares and all other initial listing standards for the Nasdaq Capital Market, with the exception of the minimum bid price requirement, and it had provided written notice to Nasdaq of its intent to cure the deficiency during this second compliance period, by effecting a reverse stock split, if necessary. See Note 10. If the Company is unable to regain compliance with the Nasdaq’s minimum bid price requirement or with the continued listing requirements of The NASDAQ Stock Market, its common stock may be delisted in the future which could adversely affect its ability to raise additional capital.

Note 8 — Equity Incentive Plan

On May 17, 2013, the Company adopted the 2013 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Plan”) and reserved shares of common stock for issuance under the Plan. The Plan is administered by the Compensation Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors.

On April 4, 2019, the Company entered into Award Forfeiture Agreements (“Forfeiture Agreements”) with certain of the Company’s executives and members of its Board. Pursuant to the Forfeiture Agreements, these individuals voluntarily forfeited their equity award grants with a grant date prior to January 1, 2018. The forfeitures included 495,794 stock options and 119,000 performance stock units issued under the Plan, and 250,000 stock options not issued under the Plan. In April 2019, the Company accelerated the recognition of $80,492 of stock compensation expense in connection with the unvested, forfeited awards.

At June 30, 2019, 1,166,632 shares of common stock were available for issuance under the Plan.

A summary of the Company’s stock option activity and related information is as follows:

During the six months ended June 30, 2019 the Company granted 234,000 stock options to the independent directors and 10,000 stock options to employees, the fair value of which was determined to be $65,386 and $2,999, respectively.

A summary of the Company’s restricted stock unit activity is as follows:

The Company had 0 and 119,000 performance stock units outstanding at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.

At June 30, 2019, there was $35,725 of unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested equity awards granted under the Plan. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 0.4 years.

Note 9 — Warrants

The Company had 7,034,120 and 7,136,078 warrants outstanding at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, with a weighted average exercise price of $2.57 and $2.62 per share, respectively. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, 94,056 and 101,958 warrants expired, respectively. At June 30, 2019, all warrants are exercisable, although warrants held by the Company’s two largest beneficial owners may be exercised only to the extent that the total number of shares of common stock then beneficially owned by these shareholders does not exceed 9.99% of the outstanding shares of the Company’s common stock. 

Note 10 – Legal Proceedings

 On April 11, 2019, the Company entered into an asset purchase agreement (the “APA”) with Pathion Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation, and Pathion, Inc., a Delaware corporation (together “Pathion”) to sell certain assets (the “PPSA Assets”) related to the Company’s PPSA™ / Power Conversion Systems business (“PPSA Business”). The purchase price consisted of $500,000 in cash and 150,000 shares of the common stock of Pathion Holdings, Inc. Pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, Pathion would also assume certain liabilities relating to the PPSA Business.

On June 13, 2019, the Company filed a petition in the district court of the 250^th Judicial District in Travis County, naming Pathion and certain Pathion officers as defendants. The petition asserts breach of the APA and the related Sublease Agreement for failure by Pathion to pay any cash amounts due thereunder, and fraudulent inducement as Pathion and the individual defendants misrepresented Pathion’s financial position and its stock value. The petition also requests a declaratory judgment that Pathion has no rights to the PPSA Assets.

On July 15, 2019, Pathion filed a general denial to our petition.

On July 22, 2019, the Company filed a motion for partial summary judgment on its declaratory judgment action and for severance. Pathion responded to the motion for summary judgment on August 6, 2019. That same day, Pathion filed a counterclaim, and requested injunctive relief and a declaratory judgment. The Company denies Pathion’s assertions in the counterclaim and expects to vigorously defend against such claims.

On August 13, 2019, the court conducted a hearing on the Company’s motion for summary judgment during which the court took the matter under advisement and indicated that the court would issue a ruling during the week of August 19, 2019.

At this time, the Company is unable to estimate the possible gain or loss, if any, related to this proceeding.

Note 11 — Subsequent Events

On August 14, 2019, the Company issued a press release announcing a planned one-for-ten reverse stock split of its outstanding stock to regain compliance with the minimum $1.00 bid price per share requirement of Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2). The Company expects its common stock to begin trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market on a split-adjusted basis when the market opens on August 20, 2019. The par value of the Company’s common stock will remain unchanged at $0.001 per share after the reverse stock split.

The reverse stock split will reduce the number of shares of the Company’s common stock issued and outstanding from 14,722,840 to 1,472,284 plus any shares to be issued in exchange for fractional interests. The number of shares of the Company’s common stock issuable upon conversion of the outstanding shares of the Company’s preferred stock will be reduced from 810,000 shares to 81,000 shares. The number of authorized shares of the Company’s common stock will not be changed by the reverse stock split.

The reverse stock split proportionately affects the number of shares of the Company’s common stock available for issuance under the Company’s equity incentive plans. The number of shares of the Company’s common stock subject to all options, warrants and stock awards of the Company outstanding immediately prior to the reverse stock split will be proportionately adjusted in accordance with their terms.

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS AND OTHER INFORMATION

CONTAINED IN THIS REPORT

This report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and the provisions of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Forward-looking statements give our current expectations or forecasts of future events. You can identify these statements by the fact that they do not relate strictly to historical or current facts. You can find many (but not all) of these statements by looking for words such as "approximates," "believes," "hopes," "expects," "anticipates," "estimates," "projects," "intends," "plans," "would," "should," "could," "may" or other similar expressions in this report. In particular, these include statements relating to future actions, prospective products, applications, customers, technologies, future performance or results of anticipated products, expenses, and financial results. These forward-looking statements are subject to certain risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from our historical experience and our present expectations or projections. Factors that could cause actual results to differ from those discussed in the forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to:

The forward-looking statements are based upon management’s beliefs and assumptions and are made as of the date of this report. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements included in this report. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements.

Unless otherwise stated or the context otherwise requires, the terms “Ideal Power,” “we,” “us,” “our” and the “Company” refer to Ideal Power Inc..

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q as well as our audited 2018 financial statements and related notes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition to historical information, the discussion and analysis here and throughout this Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of certain factors, including, but not limited, to those set forth under “Risk Factors” in Part II, Item 1A of this report.

Overview

Ideal Power is located in Austin, Texas. Prior to April 2018, we were primarily focused on the design, marketing and sale of electrical power conversion products using our proprietary technology called Power Packet Switching Architecture™, or PPSA™. PPSA™ is a power conversion technology that improves upon existing power conversion technologies in key product metrics, such as size and weight while providing built-in isolation and bi-directional and multi-port capabilities. PPSA™ utilizes standardized hardware with application specific embedded software. Our products were designed to be used in both on-grid and off-grid applications with a focus on solar + storage, microgrid and stand-alone energy storage applications. The principal products of the Company were 30-kilowatt power conversion systems, including 2-port and multi-port products.

On April 16, 2018, we realigned into two operating divisions: Power Conversion Systems, to continue the commercialization of our PPSA™ technology, and B-TRAN, to develop our Bi-directional bi-polar junction TRANsistor (B-TRAN™) solid state switch technology.

On January 2, 2019, our Board of Directors approved a strategic shift to focus on the commercialization of our B-TRAN™ technology and a plan to suspend further power converter system, or PPSA™, development and sales while we located a buyer for our power conversion systems division and PPSA™ technology. We have classified our PPSA™ business as held for sale and now shows this business as a discontinued operation in our financial statements. 

To date, operations have been funded primarily through the sale of common stock. Total revenue generated from inception to date as of June 30, 2019 amounted to $14.9 million with approximately $12.4 million of that revenue from discontinued operations and the remainder from grant revenue for bi-directional power switch development. We did not have revenue from continuing operations in the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018. We may pursue additional research and development grants, if and when available, to further develop and/or improve our B-TRAN™ technology.

Industry Background

A semiconductor material is a substance that, as its name suggests, is characterized for "conducting" electricity easily, while at the same time, working as an insulator to prevent the flow of electricity. By using semiconductors, it becomes possible to perform rectification for the one-directional flow of electricity, amplification for increasing electrical signals, and switching to open and close the flow of electricity.

Power semiconductors possess a structure that is different from regular semiconductors, enabling them to handle high voltages and large currents without damage. Failures may occur due to a rise in temperatures resulting from heat generated from handling large amounts of power. Therefore, methods have been developed to reduce the amount of power semiconductor loss, which is the cause of the heat generation, while also effectively releasing the generated heat to the outside.

Power semiconductors are mostly used in power conversion such as in changing voltages and frequencies, as well as changing DC to AC and AC to DC. Power semiconductors play an indispensable role in accurately driving motors from low to high speeds, controlling the voltage and flow of electricity in electric and hybrid vehicles, supplying power grids with power generated from solar cells with less power loss, and providing a stable source of electricity to various home appliances and electrical equipment. In recent years, there has been a greater demand for energy-savings and power consumption reductions, and as a result, the need for power semiconductors that minimize power loss has been increasing.

Power semiconductors are solid-state devices that act as a switch without any mechanical movement. Solid-state devices are completely made from a solid material, typically silicon, and their flow of charges is confined within this solid material. The term solid-state is often used to show a difference with the earlier technologies of vacuum and gas-discharge tube devices and also to exclude the conventional electro-mechanical devices such as relays, switches, hard drives and other devices with moving parts. Solid-state switches are typically more efficient due to lower losses during power processing.

The $12 billion global power semiconductor market may be categorized by component, material, end-use and geography. Based on component, the market includes power metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors (“MOSFETs”), thyristors, rectifiers, bipolar junction transistors, insulated gate bipolar transistors (“IGBTs”) and power diodes. With respect to material, the power semiconductor market is bifurcated into silicon/germanium, silicon carbide and gallium nitride.

The end-use market is classified into automotive, industrial, renewable energy, telecommunication, consumer electronics, aerospace & defense, healthcare and others. Among these, automotive electronics accounts for significant consumption of power semiconductors. The number of semiconductors in vehicles has surged with the rising adoption of electric vehicles, plug-in electric vehicles, and hybrid electric vehicles. Further, the advent of drive-by-wire or x-by-wire technologies have led to a rise in number of electric components in vehicles over mechanical vehicle parts. This rise helps reduce vehicle weight which is directly related to improved fuel efficiency and reduced vehicular emissions. The heavy consumption of power semiconductors across several end use markets such as industrial, automotive, consumer electronics and renewable energy is a key growth driver of the power semiconductor market.

The telecommunications market is also a significant end-user of power semiconductors. This segment displays demand for radio frequency (“RF”) power amplifiers and IGBTs among others. With the launch of 5G, we believe the demand for power semiconductors is likely to increase.

Geographically, Asia Pacific accounts for the leading consumption of power semiconductors among other key regions. The region is also one of the leading exporters of power semiconductors in the world. The growth in the region is mainly attributed to China, which is the leading automotive and passenger vehicle market in the world. China is currently the leading consumer of power semiconductors. Furthermore, demand for power semiconductors is increasing from renewable energy sectors in the region.

Europe and North America are also leading consumers of power semiconductors among others in the global market.

Leading players in the global power semiconductor market include Infineon Technologies AG, Texas Instruments, ON Semiconductor, Fuji Electric Co. Ltd., ST Microelectronics N.V., Mitsubishi Electric Group, Semikron International GmbH, and Toshiba Corporation. While these companies are potential competitors, they are also potential licensees for our B-TRAN™ technology as there is not, to our knowledge, a high-efficiency bi-directional design available in the market.

Our Technology

To further improve the performance of our bi-directional PPSA™ technology and products, we identified the need for a true bi-directional power switch and applied for and, in 2012, received a grant from the U.S. Department of Energy’s Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (“ARPA-E”) to develop a bi-directional solid-state power switch. At the outset, our efforts under the ARPA-E grant were focused on the development of, including the manufacturing process development for, a bi-directional insulated gate bipolar transistor (“BD-IGBT”). Although work on BD-IGBTs had previously been done by others in research labs, it was a technology that had not yet been commercialized.

Our PPSA™-based products incorporate multiple IGBTs, which are power switches used in the process to convert power from one current form to another. IGBTs switch power in only one direction (DC to AC or AC to DC) and require the use of a blocking diode to prevent power from flowing back through the system. To enable our PPSA™ products to perform bi-directional power conversion, for each IGBT and diode used in our products, we were required to include a second IGBT and diode. These additional components have slight voltage drops that affect the electrical efficiency of our products and generate heat that must be dissipated. To eliminate the need to utilize four devices and to improve the performance of bi-directional switching, a true bi-directional switch is necessary. While we initially focused on the development of a BD-IGBT under the ARPA-E grant, we shifted our focus under the grant to the development of a new, highly efficient power switch called a bi-directional bipolar transistor, or B-TRAN™, that we believe will allow us to substitute one B-TRAN™ for two pairs of IGBTs and diodes used in PPSA™ products but, more importantly, is a potential replacement for conventional power switches in the broader power semiconductor market. The B-TRAN™ leverages many of the same processing steps we had developed for the BD-IGBT while also providing us with certain key advantages including patentability and higher efficiency compared to a BD-IGBT.

Based on third-party device software simulations and initial prototype testing, we believe that the B-TRANs™ can significantly improve electrical efficiency in power converters and many other power conversion applications. The higher efficiency would substantially reduce the heat generated by the operation of products utilizing this technology. As a result, products incorporating B-TRANs™ will require less space for heat dissipation which would enable increased power density, or power per pound, and reduce material costs.

In 2016, one of our semiconductor fabricators successfully fabricated single-sided B-TRAN™ silicon dies and test results on the single-sided B-TRAN™ die were consistent with third-party simulations that predict significant performance and efficiency improvements over conventional power switches such as silicon-controlled rectifiers (“SCRs”), IGBTs and MOSFETs. In the second half of 2017, we shifted our focus to de-risking the proof of concept phase of the B-TRAN™ development timeline, as this phase of development was taking longer than anticipated due to the complexity of manufacturing complicated, two-sided power semiconductor devices. To facilitate this, we engaged a second semiconductor fabricator, on a parallel path, to produce a less complex to manufacture B-TRAN™ on an accelerated schedule for proof of concept and initial testing. In the first quarter of 2018, we successfully confirmed the proof of concept of double-sided B-TRAN™ prototypes, validating the ability to make B-TRAN™ semiconductor power switches using conventional silicon semiconductor fabrication equipment and processes. Test results on the standard double-sided prototypes measured B-TRAN™ electrical losses at less than 40% that of conventional power switches such as silicon IGBTs.

In the second quarter of 2018, a domestic semiconductor fabricator was engaged for a development run of our standard version of B-TRAN dies. In subsequent quarters and based on measurements and subsequent analysis of those results, we proceeded with the next phase, device fabrication. Very recently, two fabricators have been contracted to produce the new generation of B-TRAN wafers. These runs incorporate the results of prior runs and subsequent testing into the B-TRAN wafer fabrication currently underway. With the double-sided transistor behavior and low conduction losses measured and upgrades and improvements in the manufacturing process implemented, the next goal is to complete the fabrication of prototype engineering samples for evaluation by potential partners. These samples will include a packaging design based on our previous work. The packaged B-TRAN dies will be supplied with laboratory prototype drivers. The coupling of device samples with drivers will form the basis of an intelligent module required for potential partners for their evaluation. We have completed the design and hardware build for second-generation laboratory sample drivers. We next plan to function check out these second-generation prototype drivers.

Business Strategy & Target Markets

Once we have completed the fabrication of engineering samples for engineering evaluation by potential customers and partners, we intend to engage potential partners for our B-TRAN™ utilizing a licensing model.

Potential target markets for B-TRAN™ devices include, but are not limited to, electric and hybrid vehicles electronic controls, industrial motor drives, direct current-based distribution and transmission switches and controls and renewable energy and energy storage system power converters. We are currently in the process of fully developing our commercialization strategy for our B-TRAN™ technology.

Intellectual Property

We rely on a combination of patents, laws that protect intellectual property, confidentiality procedures, and contractual restrictions with our employees and others, to establish and protect our intellectual property rights. As of June 30, 2019, we had 33 US and 11 foreign issued patents on our B-TRAN™ technology as well as approximately 35 additional pending U.S. and international patent applications on our B-TRAN™ technology. We expect to continue to build our patent estate for our bi-directional switch technology and other technological developments that broaden the scope of our technology platform.

Critical Accounting Policies

On January 1, 2019, the Company adopted ASC 842 utilizing a modified retrospective approach with a date of initial application at the beginning of the period of adoption. At adoption, the Company recognized a right of use asset of $422,819 and lease liability of $427,131. As the discount rate implicit in the lease was not readily determinable and the Company did not have any outstanding indebtedness, the Company utilized market data, giving consideration to remaining term of the lease, to estimate its incremental borrowing rate at 8% per annum for purposes of calculating the right of use asset and lease liability.

There have been no other significant changes during the six months ended June 30, 2019 to the critical accounting policies disclosed in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018.

Results of Operations

Comparison of the three months ended June 30, 2019 to the three months ended June 30, 2018

Research and Development Expenses.   Research and development expenses increased by $13,534, or 4%, to $335,752 in the three months ended June 30, 2019 from $322,218 in the three months ended June 30, 2018. The increase was due to higher external B-TRAN™ development spending partly offset by lower personnel costs related to bonuses and stock compensation expense. We expect flat to higher research and development expenses for the balance of 2019.

General and Administrative Expenses.   General and administrative expenses decreased by $222,649, or 28%, to $580,663 in the three months ended June 30, 2019 from $803,312 in the three months ended June 30, 2018. The decrease was due primarily to lower stock compensation expense of $230,735, lower employee bonus expense of $139,981 and other net cost savings partly offset by higher legal fees of $217,750. General and administrative expenses were impacted by our cost reduction plan, inclusive of reduced headcount, an absence of grants in recent years to tenured executives, except for the immediately vested new hire stock option grant to our CEO in April 2018, and the recovery, in the three months ended June 30, 2018, of $171,404 in legal expenses related to the resolution of legal proceedings in our favor. We expect flat to lower general and administrative expenses for the balance of 2019 exclusive of the impact of any equity award grants.

Interest (Income) Expense, Net.   Net interest income was $6,809 for the three months ended June 30, 2019 compared to net interest income of $35,614 for the three months ended June 30, 2018. Net interest income in the three months ended June 30, 2018 included late fees awarded and paid to us upon the conclusion of a legal proceeding.

Loss from Continuing Operations.  Our loss from continuing operations for the three months ended June 30, 2019 was $909,606 or 17% lower than the $1,089,916 loss from continuing operations for the three months ended June 30, 2018.

Loss from Discontinued Operations.   Our loss from discontinued operations for the three months ended June 30, 2019 was $342,076, or 46% lower than the $632,530 loss from discontinued operations for the three months ended June 30, 2018. The loss from discontinued operations was significantly lower than the comparative prior year period as we suspended operations of our power conversion system division on January 4, 2019, including the implementation of a significant reduction-in-force. Loss from discontinued operations for the three months ended June 30, 2019 includes a $265,000 impairment of assets held for sale to write-down these assets to expected net proceeds from the anticipated sale.

Net Loss.   Our net loss for the three months ended June 30, 2019 was $1,251,682, or 27% lower, as compared to a net loss of $1,722,446 for the three months ended June 30, 2018.

Comparison of the six months ended June 30, 2019 to the six months ended June 30, 2018

Research and Development Expenses.   Research and development expenses increased by $137,206, or 33%, to $553,968 in the six months ended June 30, 2019 from $416,762 in the six months ended June 30, 2018. The increase was due primarily to higher personnel costs. We expect flat to higher research and development expenses for the balance of 2019.

General and Administrative Expenses.   General and administrative expenses decreased by $636,358, or 38%, to $1,049,053 in the six months ended June 30, 2019 from $1,685,411 in the six months ended June 30, 2018. The decrease was due primarily to lower stock compensation expense of $364,381, lower personnel costs of $344,268 and other net cost savings partly offset by higher legal fees of $183,265. General and administrative expenses were impacted by our cost reduction plan, inclusive of reduced headcount, an absence of grants in recent years to tenured executives, except for the immediately vested new hire stock option grant to our CEO in April 2018, and the recovery, in the six months ended June 30, 2018, of $171,404 in legal expenses related to the resolution of legal proceedings in our favor. We expect flat to lower general and administrative expenses for the balance of 2019 exclusive of the impact of any equity award grants.

Interest (Income) Expense, Net.    Net interest expense was $309 for the six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to net interest income of $36,929 for the six months ended June 30, 2018. Net interest income in the six months ended June 30, 2018 included late fees awarded and paid to us upon the conclusion of a legal proceeding.

Loss from Continuing Operations.  Our loss from continuing operations for the six months ended June 30, 2019 was $1,603,330 or 22% lower than the $2,065,244 loss from continuing operations for the six months ended June 30, 2018.

Loss from Discontinued Operations.   Our loss from discontinued operations for the six months ended June 30, 2019 was $689,251, or 60% lower than the $1,713,364 loss from discontinued operations for the six months ended June 30, 2018. The loss from discontinued operations was significantly lower than the comparative prior year period as we suspended operations of our power conversion system division on January 4, 2019, including the implementation of a significant reduction-in-force. Loss from discontinued operations for the six months ended June 30, 2019 includes a $405,000 impairment of assets held for sale to write-down these assets to expected net proceeds from the anticipated sale.

Net Loss.   Our net loss for the six months ended June 30, 2019 was $2,292,581, or 39% lower, as compared to a net loss of $3,778,608 for the six months ended June 30, 2018.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We currently do not generate revenue. We have funded our operations through the sale of common stock.

At June 30, 2019, we had cash and cash equivalents of $1,437,797. Our net working capital and long-term debt at June 30, 2019 were $1,140,122 and $0, respectively.

Operating activities in the six months ended June 30, 2019 resulted in cash outflows of $1,764,376, which were due to the loss from continuing operations for the period of $1,603,330 and cash used in operating activities related to discontinued operations of $465,328 partly offset by non-cash items, including depreciation and amortization and stock-based compensation, of $196,687 and favorable balance sheet timing of $107,595. Operating activities in the six months ended June 30, 2018 resulted in cash outflows of $2,942,132, which were due to the loss from continuing operations for the period of $2,065,244, cash used in operating activities related to discontinued operations of $1,072,185 and unfavorable balance sheet timing of $407,827 partly offset by stock-based compensation of $510,160, depreciation and amortization of $82,091 and patent impairment charges of $10,873. We expect a further reduction in cash outflows from operating activities due to the elimination of cash flows from discontinued operations once a sale of these operations is completed. 

Investing activities in the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 resulted in cash outflows of $55,904 and $97,714, respectively, primarily for the acquisition of intangible assets. In the six months ended June 30, 2018, cash outflows from investing activities included $34,130 in cash outflows related to discontinued operations.

Financing activities in the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 resulted in cash outflows of $0 and $2,188, respectively.

As our B-TRAN™ technology is in the development stage and has not yet been commercialized, we will be required to obtain additional financing to continue our operations and execute our business plan. Even in the event we complete the planned sale of our power conversion systems division in the near term, we will still need to raise additional capital within the next twelve to months from the date of issuance of this report to fund our future operations. We may not be able to obtain such financing on commercially reasonable terms or at all. If we are unable to obtain such financing when needed, we will be required to reduce operating costs, which could jeopardize current and future strategic initiatives and business plans or cease operations. Our independent registered public accounting firm, in its report on our 2018 financial statements, raised substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

Off-Balance Sheet Transactions

We do not have any off-balance sheet transactions.

Trends, Events and Uncertainties

There are no material changes from trends, events or uncertainties disclosed in our 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

As a smaller reporting company, we are not required to provide this information.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by an issuer in the reports that it files or submits under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, is accumulated and communicated to the issuer’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer (principal executive officer) and our Chief Financial Officer (principal financial and accounting officer), has concluded that, as of June 30, 2019, our disclosure controls and procedures are effective.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There have been no material changes in our internal controls over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended June 30, 2019 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal controls over financial reporting.

Limitations on the Effectiveness of Controls

Control systems, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control systems’ objectives are being met. Further, the design of any system of controls must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of all controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty and that breakdowns can occur because of error or mistake. Control systems can also be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls is also based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or deterioration in the degree of compliance with policies or procedures.

PART II-OTHER INFORMATION

On April 11, 2019, the Company entered into an asset purchase agreement (the “APA”) with Pathion Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation, and Pathion, Inc., a Delaware corporation (together “Pathion”) to sell certain assets (the “PPSA Assets”) related to the Company’s PPSA™ / Power Conversion Systems business (“PPSA Business”). The purchase price consisted of $500,000 in cash and 150,000 shares of the common stock of Pathion Holdings, Inc. Pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, Pathion would also assume certain liabilities relating to the PPSA Business.

On June 13, 2019, we filed a petition in the district court of the 250^th Judicial District in Travis County, naming Pathion and certain Pathion officers as defendants. The petition asserts breach of the APA and the related Sublease Agreement for failure by Pathion to pay any cash amounts due thereunder, and fraudulent inducement as Pathion and the individual defendants misrepresented Pathion’s financial position and its stock value. The petition also requests a declaratory judgment that Pathion has no rights to the PPSA Assets.

On July 15, 2019, Pathion filed a general denial to our petition.

On July 22, 2019, we filed a motion for partial summary judgment on its declaratory judgment action and for severance. Pathion responded to the motion for summary judgment on August 6, 2019. That same day, Pathion filed a counterclaim, and requested injunctive relief and a declaratory judgment. We deny Pathion’s assertions in the counterclaim and expect to vigorously defend against such claims.

On August 13, 2019, the court conducted a hearing on our motion for summary judgment during which the court took the matter under advisement and indicated that the court would issue a ruling during the week of August 19, 2019.

At this time, we are unable to estimate the possible gain or loss, if any, related to this proceeding.

As a smaller reporting company, we are not required to provide this information..

None.

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

On April 11, 2019, the Company entered into an asset purchase agreement (the “APA”) with Pathion Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation, and Pathion, Inc., a Delaware corporation (together “Pathion”) to sell certain assets (the “PPSA Assets”) related to the Company’s PPSA™ / Power Conversion Systems business (“PPSA Business”). The purchase price consisted of $500,000 in cash and 150,000 shares of the common stock of Pathion Holdings, Inc. Pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, Pathion would also assume certain liabilities relating to the PPSA Business.

On June 13, 2019, we filed a petition in the district court of the 250^th Judicial District in Travis County, naming Pathion and certain Pathion officers as defendants. The petition asserts breach of the APA and the related Sublease Agreement for failure by Pathion to pay any cash amounts due thereunder, and fraudulent inducement as Pathion and the individual defendants misrepresented Pathion’s financial position and its stock value. The petition also requests a declaratory judgment that Pathion has no rights to the PPSA Assets.

On July 15, 2019, Pathion filed a general denial to our petition.

On July 22, 2019, we filed a motion for partial summary judgment on its declaratory judgment action and for severance. Pathion responded to the motion for summary judgment on August 6, 2019. That same day, Pathion filed a counterclaim, and requested injunctive relief and a declaratory judgment. We deny Pathion’s assertions in the counterclaim and expect to vigorously defend against such claims.

On August 13, 2019, the court conducted a hearing on our motion for summary judgment during which the court took the matter under advisement and indicated that the court would issue a ruling during the week of August 19, 2019.

At this time, we are unable to estimate the possible gain or loss, if any, related to this proceeding.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the registrant, has duly, caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.